Processing cellulose-containing materials for paper or packaging materials

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for producing paper or packaging products. A combination pulp is formed by combining textile pulp and wood pulp and processed to produce the paper or packaging products. The textile pulp and wood pulp can be combined in a given ratio based on their respective characteristics or parameters to obtain a combination pulp with a desired characteristic or parameter.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of pending U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 63/036,856, filed Jun. 9, 2020. The contents of whichare herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for processingcellulose-containing materials such as textiles, including textilegarments (used and un-used) and scraps, biomass, wood pulp, and the likeand for isolating cellulose molecules for use in a variety of downstreamapplications. In particular applications, the present disclosure relatesto methods and systems for treatment of cellulose-containing materialsto isolate cellulose molecules and to produce regenerated polymers,fibers, fabrics, the like, or combinations or multiples thereof from theisolated cellulose molecules. Recycling and regeneration of textiles isdescribed in detail and provides significant social, environmental andeconomic benefits.

BACKGROUND

Global sales of apparel are estimated to have exceeded $1 trillion in2011, and some estimate that over 85% of the garments purchased arediscarded in a landfill within one year. This cycle wastes valuablematerials and the considerable resources required to produce them, andit exacerbates waste disposal issues.

Cotton clothing is estimated to represent about 35% of the total apparelmarket. Cotton fibers are composed of cellulose, a naturally occurringpolymer found in all plants, wood, and natural fibers. Cotton fibers areharvested from cotton plants and consist of long, interwoven chains ofcellulose polymers. These fibers are spun into thread or yarn, dyed, andultimately woven, knit, and assembled into textiles. Natural fibers,including cotton, have a generally high and variable raw material costdue, in part, to natural disasters and climate unpredictability,regional socio-economic and political instability, human rights issues,and resource requirements.

Growing and harvesting cotton fibers is resource-intensive. It isestimated, for example, that over 700 gallons of water are required togrow enough cotton to produce one pound of fiber. Growing cottonfrequently involves heavy pesticide use, significant land resources, andproduces significant levels of heat-trapping gases. Considerably moreland is required for growing organic cotton than for growing“conventional” cotton. With demand for agricultural land use increasingand fresh water supplies decreasing, the cost of producing naturalcotton is increasing. At some point, the current scale of cottonproduction may become unprofitable and unsustainable.

Cotton has been recycled to provide raw material for paper pulpingplants. Re-processing methods that convert used cotton into rags,mattress ticking, seat stuffing, insulating materials, and the like arealso available, but these processing methods have been adopted inlimited applications because the value of the converted material isrelatively low.

In contrast to cotton, which is a natural fiber, rayon fibers aremanufactured from wood pulp using the viscose process. In this process,purified cellulose is solubilized and then converted or regenerated intocellulose fiber. This process requires steeping, pressing, shredding,aging, xanthation, dissolving, ripening, filtering, degasing, spinning,drawing and washing. This process is time sensitive, requires multiplechemical treatments, produces lignin and other waste from unusable woodmaterial and is, at best, a semi-continuous manufacturing process.

The present disclosure is directed to providing systems and methods forprocessing cellulose-containing feedstocks, such as recycled fabric,fabric scraps and other cellulose containing materials, many of whichwould otherwise be wasted or used to produce low value products, toisolate their constituent cellulosic polymeric structures. The polymericcellulosic structures are then used in industrial processes such asfabric production. Implementation of the disclosed processing schemeswith a variety of garment/fabric feedstock materials may produceregenerated fibers and textile products having improved, customizable,or both properties using processes having low environmental impacts.

SUMMARY

Methods and systems of the present disclosure relate to processing ofcellulose-containing materials including, for example, postconsumercellulosic waste, cellulose-containing textiles and garments (e.g.,recycled or used or waste textiles and garments), virgin cotton, woodpulp, biomass, and the like, to produce isolated cellulose polymers foruse in downstream processing applications. In some embodiments,cellulose-containing materials used as raw feed material for processingcomprise discarded garments, scrap fabric materials, or both, andprocessing produces isolated cellulose polymers that can be furtherprocessed and extruded to provide regenerated fibers having improved,customizable, or both properties for use in textile industries or forother purposes.

A multi-stage process is described, incorporating one or morepretreatment stages providing removal of contaminants and preparation ofcellulosic materials, followed by pulping, molecular separation ofcellulose polymers, or both. In some embodiments, the pretreatment andpulping processes may be carried out in a continuous, semi-continuous orbatch system. In some embodiments, the pretreatment and pulpingprocesses may be carried out in one or more closed reaction vessel(s),and processing reagents may be recovered and re-used or processed forother uses.

Numerous pretreatment processing stages are described and may be usedalone or in combination to remove non-cellulosic constituents of thefeed and prepare cellulosic components for pulping and dissolution.Pretreatment is followed by at least one cellulose pulping ordissolution stage that promotes the molecular separation and isolationof cellulose polymers, such as by disrupting intermolecular hydrogenbonds. In some embodiments, cellulosic polymers isolated during thepulping stage, the dissolution stage, or both, are substantiallythermoplastic and are moldable when energy (e.g., heat below the charpoint) is introduced to the system.

Isolated cellulose polymers produced using the processes describedherein may be used in a variety of downstream applications, as describedin more detail below and, in some embodiments, may be extruded to formregenerated cellulosic fibers. In some aspects, isolated cellulosepolymers may be re-generated to provide longer chain polymers and fibers(or polymers and fibers having other desirable characteristics differentfrom the characteristics of the cellulose-containing feedstock) that areuseful in various industrial processes, including textile production. Inaddition to employing a raw feedstock materials that are typicallydiscarded (wasted, at a cost), processing steps having generally lowenvironmental impacts are preferred.

In one aspect, methods and systems of the present disclosure provide aclosed-loop garment recycling process that transforms reclaimed garmentsand textiles into high-quality, bio-based fiber for use in creating newtextiles, apparel, and other fiber-based products. Used and wastegarment collection, sorting, transport and processing may all beinvolved as part of a closed loop process. Retail enterprises (andothers) may serve as collection stations and may offer incentives,rewards, or the like for donations. Further garment processing may takeplace at the donation site or at one or more remote sites. Cotton,cotton-like regenerated fabrics, rayon and other fibers may be producedusing the reclaimed garments and textiles.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary schematic flow diagram outlining processsteps as disclosed herein for converting cellulose-containing materialsto liquefied cellulose suitable for use in a variety of downstreamapplications.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary schematic flow diagram outlining processsteps as disclosed herein for converting cellulose-containing materialsto regenerated cellulosic fiber and incorporating one or more of avariety of pretreatments.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary schematic flow diagram outlining processsteps as disclosed herein for converting cellulose-containing materialsto regenerated cellulosic fiber incorporating a high temperature aqueousor supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatment step and incorporatingoptional additional treatment steps.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary schematic flow diagram outlining processsteps as disclosed herein for converting cellulose-containing materialsto regenerated cellulosic fiber incorporating a combination ofpretreatment steps.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary schematic flow diagram outlining processsteps as disclosed herein for converting cellulose-containing materialsto regenerated cellulosic fiber incorporating another combination ofpretreatment steps.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary schematic flow diagram outlining processsteps as disclosed herein for converting cellulose-containing materialsto regenerated cellulosic fiber incorporating another combination ofpretreatment steps.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary schematic flow diagram outlining processsteps as disclosed herein for converting cellulose-containing materialsto regenerated cellulosic fiber incorporating yet another combination ofpretreatment steps.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary schematic flow diagram outlining processsteps as disclosed herein for processing blended textile input toproduce liquefied cellulosic and polymeric output.

FIG. 9A shows a magnified image of a regenerated cellulosic fiberproduced as described herein; FIG. 9B shows a magnified image of apremium long-staple cotton fiber as tested in Harzallah, Benzina &Drean, 2009; and FIG. 9C shows an enlarged, cross-sectional view of aregenerated cellulosic fiber produced as described herein.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary schematic flow diagram outliningprocess steps as disclosed herein for producing paper or packagingmaterials from a combination pulp including a textile pulp and a woodpulp.

It will be understood that the appended drawings present manyalternatives and various specific embodiments, and that there are manyvariations and combinations of processing steps, as well as additionalaspects of systems and methods of the present invention. Specificprocess design features may be modified and used in differentcombinations, for example, for use in various intended applications andenvironments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one aspect, systems and methods disclosed herein processcellulose-containing materials to produce isolated cellulosic polymerssuitable for use in downstream processing and a variety of downstreamapplications and production pathways. Cellulose-containing materialsthat are useful as raw materials for this process include a wide rangeof materials, such as cellulose-containing postconsumer waste, biomassmaterials and pulp (e.g., wood pulp), cotton and cotton-containingmaterials, and the like, including unworn or worn and discarded cottonand cotton-containing apparel, as well as scrap cotton fiber and fabric.The cellulose-containing feedstock undergoes at least one pretreatmentstage (and optionally multiple pretreatment stages) and at least onepulping or dissolution stage to produce isolated cellulose moleculessuitable for use in various different application pathways.

The raw cellulose-containing feed material may be substantiallyhomogeneous (e.g., pre- or post-consumer waste, scrap textile fiber andfabric, cotton-containing fabrics, biomass or pulped wood or biomass,etc.), or it may be at least somewhat heterogeneous (e.g.,cellulose-containing materials from mixed sources and of mixed types).When post-consumer textile materials are used as feedstock, usedclothing collection and sorting may be accomplished via clothingretailers, manufacturers, recyclers, and various other organizations,providing access to large volumes of used, cellulose-containing garmentsand scrap materials that would otherwise be discarded. Depending on thetype and homogeneity of the cellulose-containing feedstock, optionalsorting and removal of non-cellulosic components may be carried outprior to pretreatment of the cellulose-containing feedstock.

When reclaimed garments and textiles are used as cellulose-containingfeed material, initial sorting of reclaimed garments and textilesaccording to fiber content may be advantageous prior to feedstockpretreatment and dissolving. In some embodiments, for example, reclaimedmaterial (e.g., garments and textiles) may be sorted by cellulosiccontent—e.g., reclaimed materials may be separated into groups havingdifferent cellulosic contents, such as >90% or >80% or >70% or >50%, orother cellulosic contents, and less than 50% cellulosic content.Reclaimed fabric material having other fiber contents and compositionsmay also be sorted and separated, and reclaimed material may also besorted by composition, such as separating cotton-wool blends,cotton-polyester blends, cotton-elastane blends, cotton-spandex blends,and the like. Separation of non-cellulosic-containing materials such asbuttons, zippers, and the like may take place at the time of orfollowing sorting and process pretreatment. Likewise, mechanical sizingor comminution, such as shredding, pulling, grinding, cutting, tearing,and the like may take place prior to or following sorting and processpretreatment.

Cellulosic feedstocks such as reclaimed garments and textiles typicallyincorporate a variety of dyes, chemical finishes, or both, and may becontaminated with other materials, such as dirt, grease, and the like.Other types of cellulosic feedstocks, such as biomass, postconsumerwaste, and the like, also contain contaminants that are desirablyremoved prior to a pulping stage. Raw cellulose-containing feedstock(optionally treated to remove non-cellulose-containing materials, andoptionally sized) is typically processed in one or more pre-treatmentstage(s) to remove dyes, finishes, contaminants (oils, grease, etc.) andthe like from the feedstock. Cellulosic feedstocks including textilematerials may optionally be mechanically treated to provide smallersized, or more uniformly sized, feedstock. The fabric feedstock may besized if desired, such as by shredding, to provide a sized feedstockhaving a fragmented, high surface area for fiber pulping. Feedstocksizing is typically accomplished using mechanical cutting, shredding, orother mechanical size reduction techniques. Processing to removenon-cellulosic components, such as buttons, zippers, fasteners, and thelike may take place, if desired, prior to pretreatment, followingpretreatment, or both.

Several different pre-treatment stages are described below, and variouscombinations of pretreatment stages may provide benefit, depending onthe nature of the cellulosic feedstock. Depending on the properties ofthe raw textile feedstock, one or more of the pretreatments may be used,alone or in combination with other pretreatments. Several (optional)pre-treatment stages are described below, and several advantageouspre-treatment combinations are also described. It will be appreciatedthat additional pre-treatments may be used in combination with thepre-treatments described, and that various specific combinations otherthan those specifically illustrated and described may be used.

FIG. 1 illustrates an overall process flow diagram for treatingcellulose-containing materials to produce isolated cellulose polymers,identified in FIG. 1 as “Liquefied Cellulose,” suitable for use in avariety of downstream applications, such as fiber production (e.g.,textiles, technical fibers and geo-textiles), production of otherextrusion manufacturing methods, constructional manufacturing methods(e.g., 3D printing media, membranes, injection molding media), or both,use as a chemical feedstock for production of biofuels, lubricants andother chemical manufacturing, and for use as food additives, in films,coating, fillers, membranes, packaging, construction materials,non-woven materials, and the like. FIG. 2 illustrates an overall processflow diagram for treating cellulose-containing materials to produceliquefied cellulose suitable for fiber extrusion and includingadditional processing stages for production of regenerated cellulosicfiber. The cellulose-containing materials may undergo similarpretreatment and the pulping stage, the dissolution stage, or both, asillustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, while the isolated cellulose product maybe used for different applications, as shown.

In general, cellulose-containing feed materials may undergo optionalfeedstock preparation stages, such as feedstock sorting, removal ofnon-cellulosic components, or both. The cellulose-containing feedstockthen undergoes at least one pretreatment stage, followed by pulping or,dissolution of, or both, the pretreated cellulose-containing feedstockand filtration to produce isolated cellulose polymers. Severalpretreatment stages are described below and are illustrated in theaccompanying diagrams. Depending on the composition of thecellulose-containing feedstock and the attributes of the cellulosicproduct desired, one or more than one of the pretreatment stages may beused alone or in combination with other pretreatment stages. Specificcombinations of pretreatments that may be useful in particularapplications are described in greater detail below with reference toFIGS. 3-7. Each of the pretreatment stages is described in more detailbelow.

High Temperature Aqueous Washing

In one embodiment, methods disclosed herein provide pretreatment ofcellulose-containing feed materials using a high temperature aqueouswashing process. This pretreatment stage is particularly useful forpretreatment of cellulose-containing feed materials comprising recycledgarments and may facilitate removal of contaminants such as soils,deodorants, lanolin, silicone and cationic softeners from the feedstock,as well as stripping various fabric treatments, such as opticalbrighteners, moisture wicking enhancers, and the like, from the feedmaterial. Aqueous media maintained at a temperature above 100° C.,optionally above the boiling point of the aqueous media, generally above120° C., often between 120° C. and 170° C., sometimes between 130° C.and 150° C., and up to 200° C., may be used. In some embodiments, thehigh temperature aqueous washing pretreatment stage is conducted in aclosed vessel batch system with circulation or agitation or mixing ofthe hot aqueous media. Pressure conditions in a closed vessel system, asdescribed, may range from about 100 kPa to about 2000 kPa, depending onthe temperature of the aqueous media, with higher pressure conditionsaccompanying higher temperature media.

Aqueous media used in a high temperature pretreatment stage may comprisewater alone, or it may comprise an aqueous solution having one or moreadditives. In some embodiments, the aqueous media may comprise waterenriched with ozone. In some embodiments, the aqueous media may comprisewater enriched with oxidative agents such as hydrogen peroxide or sodiumperborate. In additional embodiments, surfactants (e.g., Sodiumstearate, Fatty Alcohols, 4-(5-Dodecyl) benzenesulfonate, Alcoholethoxylates and the like), various hydroxide compositions (e.g., Ca, Mg,Na, K, and Li hydroxides), the like, or combinations or multiplesthereof, may be mixed and circulated with the aqueous media in a hightemperature aqueous pretreatment stage and may act as wetting agents. Insome embodiments, the high temperature aqueous washing stageincorporates an aqueous solution comprising NaOH at a concentration offrom about 1% to about 15%, at a pHin excess of about 11, and in someembodiments in excess of about 12. Residence times are sufficient tosubstantially remove impurities from the cellulose-containing feedstock.

The aqueous wash solution may be evacuated following a suitableresidence time. In some embodiments, multiple aqueous washing stages maybe implemented, using the same or different aqueous solutions, all athigh temperature and pressure conditions. Optional rinsing of the solidswith an aqueous solution may be implemented following evacuation of thewash solution. Rinsing may take place at ambient temperatures andpressures, with optional agitation and mixing, and the rinse solution isremoved following a suitable residence time. Cellulose-containingtreated solids may undergo one or more additional pretreatment stage(s)or may be further processed in a pulping stage, a dissolution stage, orboth.

Supercritical CO₂ Washing

In some embodiments, a water-less pretreatment, “non-toxic”pretreatment, or both, may be used to remove contaminants such as dyes,finishes, surface impurities and other contaminants fromcellulose-containing feed materials, and particularly from feedmaterials comprising recycled garments or textiles. In this treatmentstage, cellulose-containing feed material may be introduced to a closedand pressurized chamber, where the feed material contacts supercriticalcarbon dioxide, alone or in combination with additional reagent(s). Insome embodiments, the supercritical CO2 may be enriched with ozone. Insome embodiments, the supercritical CO2 may enriched with oxidativeagents such as hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate. In additionalembodiments, surfactants (e.g., Sodium stearate, Fatty Alcohols4-(5-Dodecyl) benzenesulfonate, Alcohol ethoxylates and the like) may bemixed and circulated with the supercritical CO2 in a pretreatment stage.Following a suitable residence time, supercritical carbon dioxidecontaining dissolved contaminants is withdrawn to a separator, where thecarbon dioxide may be decompressed and returned to a gaseous state,while the contaminants may be collected and removed. The gaseous carbondioxide may be recycled in a closed loop process and re-used foradditional pretreatment cycles. Cellulose-containing treated solids mayundergo one or more additional pretreatment stage(s) or may be furtherprocessed in a pulping stage, a dissolution stage, or both.

Amorphous Phase Aqueous Treatment

In some embodiments, cellulose-containing feedstock,cellulose-containing treated solids, or both, are treated, prior topulping or dissolution, with a high temperature (>320° C.), highpressure (>2.5 Mps) aqueous treatment, in a closed and substantiallyrigid reaction vessel. This pretreatment stage promotes breakdown of thecrystalline structure of cellulose and facilitates modification ofcellulosic constituents to an amorphous, non- or less-crystallinestructure that is more amenable to pulping, dissolution, or both.

Treatment with Oxidative/Reducing Agent(s)

In some embodiments, a pretreatment stage involves exposing thecellulose-containing feed material (or cellulose-containing treatedsolids, or both) to a “bleaching” agent, such as an oxidative orreducing agent, typically in an aqueous solution, at anoxidative/reducing agent concentration and for a residence timesufficient to remove materials such as dyes, finishes, and othercontaminants from the cellulosic feedstock. Suitable oxidative agents,reducing agents, or both, include, for example, peroxide compositions(e.g., H₂0₂, Na₂O₂) and perborate (e.g., NaBO₃) compositions. Additionaloxidative agents, reducing agents, or both, that may be used inpretreatment stages as described herein include one or more of thefollowing compositions: per carbonate compositions; sodium carbonate;per acetic acid compositions; potassium permanganate; persulfatecompositions; ozone; sodium chloride; calcium oxychloride, sodiumhypochlorite; calcium hypochlorite; lithium hypochlorite; cloramine;isocynual trichloride; Sulphur dioxide; sodium hydrosulfite;sulphoxylates; acidic sodium sulphite; sodium bosulphite; sodium metabisulphite; TAED (tetra-acetyl-ethylene-diamine); and sodiumhydrosulfite.

In some embodiments, bleaching agent treatment may involve treatment inan aqueous solution of calcium hypochloride (bleach powder) or sodiumhypochlorite (NaOCl) in combination with sodium carbonate (soda ash) ata pH in excess of 8 and, in some embodiments, at a pH in excess of 9.Agitation or mixing of the materials in the bleaching agent pretreatmentstage may be provided, and treatment with an oxidative, a reducingagent, or both, may take place in a closed reaction vessel.

The bleaching agent solution may be evacuated following a suitableresidence time and optional rinsing of the solids with an aqueoussolution may be implemented. Aqueous rinsing may take place at ambienttemperatures, with the rinse solution removed following a suitableresidence time. The bleaching agent may be neutralized, following thistreatment, by introduction of a weak acid such as hydrogen peroxide. Insome embodiments, multiple bleaching agent treatment cycles may beimplemented using different oxidative or reducing reagents to treat thesolids at different concentrations, pH conditions, temperature,residence times, the like, or combinations or multiples thereof, asappropriate. Recycling and regeneration of the oxidative or reducingagent(s) may be incorporated in the process, as is known in the art.Introduction of other weak acids may be effective to reduce the pH ofthe treated, cellulose-containing solids, if desired, following optionalrinsing steps.

Pretreatment with Organic Solvent(s)

In some embodiments, methods disclosed herein provide pretreatment ofcellulose-containing feed materials (or cellulose-containing treatedsolids, or both) by exposure to aqueous media containing one or moreorganic solvents. Suitable organic solvents may be selected from thegroup consisting of: acetic acid; acetone; acetonitrile; benzene;1-butanol; 2-butanol; 2-butanone; t-butyl alcohol; carbon tetrachloride;chlorobenzene; chloroform; cyclohexane, 1,2-di chloroethane; diethyleneglycol; di ethyl ether; diglyme (diethylene glycol dimethyl ether);1,2-dimethoxy-ethane (glyme, DME); dimethyl formamide (DMF); dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); 1,4-dioxane; ethanol, ethyl acetate; ethylene glycol;glycerin; heptane; hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA); hexamethylphosphoroustramide (HMPT); hexane; methanol; methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE); methylenechloride; nitromethane; pentane; 1-propanol; 2-propanol; pyridine;tetrahydrofuran (THF); toluene; triethyl amine; a-xylene; and m-xylene.The aqueous media containing organic solvent(s) is generally maintainedat a basic pH, generally at a pH in excess of 9, and often at a pH of 10or above. Treatment with organic solvents may be achieved using hightemperature or cooler aqueous media.

Enzymatic Treatment

In some embodiments, methods disclosed herein may optionally employenzymatic treatment to shorten cellulose molecules, increase cellulosesolubility, reduce reaction times, or both, in subsequent treatmentstages. Suitable enzymes may include endogluconases (e.g., Cel 5A, Cel7B, Cel 12A, Cel 45, Cel 61A); Cellobiohydrolases (e.g., Cel 6A, Cel7A); LPMO/GH6 l; cellulases; and the like. In general, temperatures offrom about 30° to 90° C., pH between about 4 to about 9 and dwell timesof from about 20 min to 48 hours may be suitable for enzymatictreatment.

Enzymatic treatment(s) involving xylanases, alkaline pectinases,lipases, esterases, the like, or combinations or multiples thereof mayalso be used for feedstock pretreatment prior to pulping. In yetadditional embodiments, feedstock may be treated using enzymaticcultures containing biological organisms (fungi, bacteria, etc.) thatsecrete cellulolytic enzymes (e.g., cellulases). Enzyme cultures such asTrichoderma Reesei, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium janthinellum,Halorhabdusutahensis, A Niger, Humicola, and mixtures of suchenzyme-producing cultures, are suitable. Mechanical treatments such aspulverization, emulsification treatment(s), or both, may be implementedfollowing enzymatic treatment.

Treatment with Swelling Agents

For some applications (for example, those in which natural orlight-colored or undyed regenerated fiber is desired as an end-product),optional treatment using a swelling agent, such as an ionic liquid, isemployed prior to pulping to enhance the absorption of and penetrationof the pulping agent. Treatment with a swelling agent (e.g. an ionicliquid) may be preceded by or implemented in combination with one ormore other pretreatment stage(s). Ionic liquids may comprise hydroxides,such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Li hydroxides, the like, or combinations ormultiples thereof. Swelling agents suitable for use as reagents in apretreatment stage may alternatively or additionally comprise one ormore of the following reagents: [AMIM]Cl 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride; [BzPy]Cl Benzylpyridinium chloride; [BMIM]Ace1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acesulphamate; [BMIM]DBP1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate; [BMIM]Cl1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; [BMIM]PF61-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; [BMIM]BF41-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; [BMPy]Cl1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium chloride; [DBNH]AcO1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-enium acetate; [DBNH]EtCOO1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-enium propionate; [DMIM]DEP1,3-Dimethylimidazolium diethylphosphate; [DMIM]DMP1,3-Dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate; [EMBy]DEP1-Ethyl-3-methylbutylpyridinium diethylphosphate; [EMIM]AcO1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate; [EMIM]Br1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide; [EMIM]DBP1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate; [EMIM]DEP1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate; [EMIM]DMP1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate; [EMIM]MeS041-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulphonate; [HPy]Cl 1-Hexylpyridiniumchloride; [E(OH)MIM]AcO 1-Hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate;[DBNMe]DMP 1-Methyl-1, 8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-eniumdimethylphosphate; [P4444]0H Tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide; [TMGH]AcO1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium acetate; [TMGH]n-PrCOO1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium butyrate; [TMGH]COO1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium formiate; [TMGH]EtCOO1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium propionate; [P8881]Ac0Trioctylmethylphosphonium acetate; and HEMATris-(2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium methyl sulphate.

In one exemplary embodiment, cellulose-containing feed materials (orcellulose-containing treated solids, or both) may be treated with anionic solution such as an aqueous solution comprising Ca, Mg, Na, K, Lihydroxides, the like, or combinations or multiples thereof, followed byexposure to a sodium hydrosulfite (Na₂S₂0₄) reducing agent, a bleachingagent such as peroxide, perborate, persulfate, and sodium or calciumhypochlorite, or both. Small amounts of Bromium (Br) may be used as acatalyst during this treatment. This treatment is generally carried outat a pH in excess of 9, and often at a pH of 10 or 10.5 or above.Treatment with swelling agents such as ionic liquids may be achievedusing high temperature or cooler aqueous wash media. In someembodiments, treatment with a swelling agent (e.g., an ionic liquid) isconducted at temperatures of 0° C. or lower, provided the aqueoussolution or slurry is prevented from freezing, and provided theviscosity of the solution is maintained at an acceptable level. In someembodiments, and particularly when ionic liquids having an acetate groupare used, the treatment may be carried out at an acidic pH, typically ata pH less than 6, and in some embodiments at a pH less than 5. In someembodiments, the proportion of cellulose-containing feed materials (orcellulose-containing treated solids, or both) in the ionic solution isfrom about 2% to about 40%; in some embodiments, the proportion ofcellulose-containing feed materials (or cellulose-containing treatedsolids, or both) in the ionic solution is from about 5% to about 25%.

It will be appreciated that numerous (optional) pretreatment processesare described herein and are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. Pretreatmentof cellulose-containing feedstock material, as described, may implementany of these pretreatment processes, singly or in combination with oneor more other pretreatment processes. In some embodiments, carrying outelevated temperature aqueous pretreatment in a closed vessel ispreferred, alone or in combination with other pretreatment stages, priorto pulping and dissolution of the cellulose polymers. In someembodiments, carrying out elevated temperature aqueous pretreatment withthe use of ozone enrichment, oxidative agents, surfactants, the like, orcombinations or multiples thereof is preferred, alone or in combinationwith other pretreatment stages, prior to pulping. In some embodiments,treatment in ionic solution followed by exposure to a reducing agent, ableaching agent, or both, is preferred, preferably in combination with awashing step. In some embodiments, pretreatment involves elevatedtemperature aqueous pretreatment, followed by ionic pretreatment,followed by enzymatic pretreatment. In some embodiments, one or more ofthe pretreatment stages, or all pretreatment stages, are carried out apH of at least about 9. In some embodiments, one or more of thepretreatment stages, of all of the pretreatment stages, are carried outat a pH of at least about 10.

Pretreatment preferably takes place in a closed vessel and, in batchtreatment schemes, one or more pretreatment reagents may be introducedto and withdrawn from a closed vessel during various pretreatmentstages, with or without intermediate rinsing or washing stages. In someembodiments, the vessel may be provided in the form of a rotatingcylinder with a pressurized hull (housing) capable of withstandingpressures in the range of from 1000-5000 kPa, having inlet and outletports, pH and rpm control features, and having liquid agitation orcirculation features. The inner reaction vessel surfaces may compriseanticorrosive metal(s) capable of withstanding concentrated acidic andalkali solutions. In some processes, both pretreatment and pulping maytake place in the same vessel.

Specific pretreatment combinations are described below with reference tothe schematic flow diagrams shown in FIGS. 3-7. Each of these flowdiagrams describes different feedstock pretreatment combinations,followed by molecular isolation and separation of cellulose polymers ina pulping or dissolution stage. Cellulose polymers may be separated fromthe pulping solution, such as by filtration, and regenerated cellulosicfibers may be extruded, such as in connection with a precipitation bath(e.g., an acid bath). Extruded fibers may be designed and parameterschanged, depending on the type, character and physical attributes of thecellulosic fibers desired. Drying and winding produces regeneratedcellulosic fibers.

FIG. 3 illustrates treatment of cellulose-containing materials (withoptional sorting and removal of non-cellulosic components) using a hightemperature aqueous wash or supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatmentstage in combination with ozone enrichment, oxidative agent(s),surfactant(s), the like, or combinations or multiples thereof. Followingevacuation of the hot aqueous or supercritical CO2 media used forwashing, and optional rinsing of the cellulosic solids, the cellulosicsolids may optionally be treated with swelling agents (as describedabove), with organic solvents (again, as described above), or both.These treatment stages may be done at elevated temperatures or in cooleraqueous media.

FIG. 4 illustrates treatment of cellulose-containing materials (withoptional sorting and removal of non-cellulosic components) using a hightemperature aqueous wash or supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatmentstage in combination with oxidative agent(s), surfactant(s), or both.Following evacuation of the hot aqueous or supercritical CO2 media usedfor the washing stage, and following optional rinsing of the cellulosicsolids, the cellulosic solids may optionally undergo enzymatic treatmentas described above. The cellulosic solids may subsequently be exposed toswelling agents such as ionic liquids (e.g., NaOH) prior to a pulping ordissolution stage.

FIG. 5 illustrates treatment of cellulose-containing materials (withoptional sorting and removal of non-cellulosic components) using a hightemperature aqueous wash or supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatmentstage in combination with oxidative agent(s), surfactant(s), or both.Following evacuation of the hot aqueous or supercritical CO₂ media usedfor the washing stage, and following optional rinsing of the cellulosicsolids, the cellulosic solids may optionally be exposed to swellingagents such as ionic liquids (e.g., NaOH), followed by enzymatictreatment as described above prior to a pulping or dissolution stage.

FIG. 6 illustrates treatment of cellulose-containing materials (withoptional sorting and removal of non-cellulosic components) using a hightemperature aqueous wash or supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatmentstage in combination with optional ozone enrichment, oxidative agent(s),surfactant(s), the like, or combinations or multiples thereof. Followingevacuation of the hot aqueous or supercritical CO₂ media used for thewashing stage, and following optional rinsing of the cellulosic solids,the cellulosic solids may optionally be exposed to swelling agents suchas ionic liquids (e.g., NaOH), followed by exposure to bleaching agents,reducing agents, an enzyme treatment, the like, or combinations ormultiples thereof, all as described above, prior to a pulping ordissolution stage.

FIG. 7 illustrates treatment of cellulose-containing materials (withoptional sorting and removal of non-cellulosic components) using a hightemperature aqueous wash or supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatmentstage in combination with optional ozone enrichment, oxidative agent(s),surfactant(s), the like, or combinations or multiples thereof. Followingevacuation of the hot aqueous or supercritical CO2 media used for thewashing stage, and following optional rinsing of the cellulosic solids,the cellulosic solids may optionally undergo a high-temperature,high-pressure aqueous treatment stage, as described above, to promotedestruction of the cellulosic crystalline structure and favor conversionof cellulosic polymers to an amorphous phase. The cellulosic solids maybe exposed to enzyme treatment, as described above, prior to a pulpingor dissolution stage.

Treated cellulose-containing solids are subjected to a pulping ordissolving stage, in which the cellulose-containing solids are treatedin a pulping reagent to promote molecular separation of cellulosepolymers and destruction of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and othernon-covalent bonds, converting cellulose-containing solids to theirconstituent cellulose polymers. In some embodiments, the number ofintermolecular hydrogen bonds present in the cellulose polymers isreduced by at least 20% in the fiber pulping stage; in some embodimentsthe number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds present in the cellulosepolymers is reduced by at least 50% in the fiber pulping stage; in yetother embodiments, the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds presentin the cellulose polymers is reduced by at least 70% in the fiberpulping stage. The viscosity of pulped cellulose, following the pulpingtreatment, is generally from about from 0.2 to as high as 900 cP, oftenfrom about 0.5 to about 50 cP.

A variety of pulping techniques and pulping chemistries are available,and one or more of the pretreatment stages described above may be usedwith a variety of known pulping reagents, including those described inPCT Int'l Patent Publication WO 2013/124265 A1, the disclosure of whichis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, copper-containing reagents are preferred for use aspulping reagents. In one embodiment, for example, Schwiezer's Reagent(the chemical complex tetraaminecopper (II) hydroxide —[Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂0)₂]) or tetraamminediaquacopper dihydroxide, [Cu(NH₃) ₄(H₂0) ₂](0H)₂ is a preferred pulping agent to isolate and promote molecularseparation of cellulose polymers. Schweizer's reagent may be prepared byprecipitating copper(II) hydroxide from an aqueous solution of coppersulfate using sodium hydroxide or ammonia, then dissolving theprecipitate in a solution of ammonia. In some embodiments, a combinationof caustic soda, ammonium and cupramonium sulfate may be formulated toprovide Schwiezer's Reagent.

Solutions comprising copper(II) hydroxide and ammonia may be introducedand used in the pulping stage to form Schweizer's Reagent according tothe following reaction: Cu(OH)₂+4NH₃+2H₂O→[Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺+20H. Inthis scheme, the copper hydroxide reagent may be manufactured fromrecycled copper recovered, for example, from electronics and computercomponent waste materials. Copper hydroxide is readily made frommetallic copper by the electrolysis of water using copper anodes.Ammonia may be manufactured by an innovative use of the Haber-Boschprocess (3H₂+N₂→2NH₃) capturing hydrogen from organic wastes andcombining it with atmospheric nitrogen. This method may produce ammoniaat low cost and eliminate greenhouse gas emissions from organic wastefeedstock. Using these reagent resources and methods for generatingSchweizer's Reagent, all or substantially all of the materials used inthe fiber pulping process described herein (including thecellulose-containing feedstock) may be sourced as waste products,resulting in minimal or no use of nonrenewable resources.

Other cellulose-dissolving agents may also be used in the pulping stage,such as iron-containing and zinc-containing reagents. In one embodiment,iron tartrate complex solvents (e.g., FeTNa) may be used as pulpingreagents. FeTNa solutions may be prepared according to the procedurepublished by Seger et al. (B. Seger, et al., Carbohydrate Polymers 31(1996) 105.) FeTNa solutions are prepared and stored while protectingthem from light. The FeTNa complex may be prepared, for example, bydissolving sodium tartrate dehydrate (Alfa Assar, Cat. #16187) indeionized water, stirring and optionally heating. When the sodiumtartrate dissolved, iron nitrate nonahydrate (Alfa Aesar, Cat. #12226)is added to the solution with continuous stirring. The solution is thencooled to 10-15° C. to prevent precipitation of the iron complex. 12 Msodium hydroxide solution is slowly added to the tartrate-ferric acidunder controlled conditions to prevent the temperature from rising over20° C. The solution color shifts from reddish-brown to yellowish-green,signifying the formation of the FeTNa complex. After this transition,the remaining sodium hydroxide may be added without regard totemperature. Sodium tartrate is added at the end to ensure long-termstability of the solution.

Pulping conditions using an FeTNa pulping reagent are generally basicand may be carried out at pH above 12, or above 13, or at a pH of about14 in a closed reaction vessel. Reactions carried out using FeTNapulping reagent at a pH of 14 in a closed reaction vessel kept at 4° C.successfully dissolved cotton feedstock. Carrying out the pulpingreaction in an inert atmosphere is generally preferred, and circulatingan inert gas such as argon through the pulping solution prior to andduring addition of pretreated feedstock may improve dissolution rates,yields, or both.

In another embodiment, zinc-containing reagents such as Zincoxensolutions may be used as pulping reagents. The active ingredients of thezincoxen solution are zinc oxide (ZnO) and EDA. Zincoxen solutions maybe prepared according to the procedures published by Shenouda and Happey(S. G. Shenouda and F. Happey, European Polymer Journal 12 (1975) 289)or Saxena, et al. (V. P Saxena, et al., Journal of Applied PolymerScience 7 (1963) 181). Ethylenediamene-water solutions are chilled to 0°C. followed by stirring in zinc oxide powder. Continuous stirring for 72hours while maintaining the temperature at 0° C. produces a suitableZincoxen solution. Pulping conditions using a Zincoxen pulping reagentare generally basic and may be carried out at pH above 12, or above 13,or at a pH of about 14 in a closed reaction vessel.

In general, residence times of up to 4-48 hours in the pulping stage aresuitable to dissolve and promote molecular separation of cellulosemolecules present in the treated cellulose-containing feedstock. In someembodiments, the pulping stage takes place in a closed chamber and aninert gas, such as nitrogen or argon, is introduced in the airspace toinhibit or prevent oxidation of pulping solution constituents.Oxygen-containing gases may be substantially evacuated from the pulpingstage. In some embodiments, agitation of the pulping mixture, mixing ofthe pulping mixture, or both, may be provided; in some embodiments, aninert gas, such as nitrogen or argon, may be bubbled through the pulpingmixture prior to pulping, during pulping, or both.

The cellulose molecules are substantially isolated and may be fully orpartially dissolved to form substantially linear cellulose chains in thepulping stage, depending on the reagent used and the residence time. Thepulping solution is filtered, following a suitable residence time, toremove non-cellulosic constituents with the solution and isolatesubstantially purified cellulose polymers, which are typically suspendedin a viscous media. Filtration may involve multiple stages, including anoptional centrifugation stage and one or more size exclusion filtrationstages. A final filtration stage using pore sizes of 1 micron or lessmay be employed. The isolated, substantially purified cellulose polymersmay be used in a wide range of downstream applications (See, e.g.,FIG. 1) and, in particular applications, are used in fiber productionapplications to produce regenerated cellulosic fiber (See, e.g., FIGS.2-7).

The conditions of the pulping stage and the composition of the fabricfeedstock are important factors in determining whether a cotton-likefiber or rayon is produced form the pulped cellulosic materials insubsequent processing. Full dissolution of the cellulosic fibers isgenerally desirable for the production of rayon-like fibers, cotton-likefibers and other regenerated cellulosic fibers. Suitable solventconcentrations, reagent to feedstock ratios, residence times, and thelike, may be determined using routine experimentation. While Schwiezer'sReagent and the other iron- and zinc-containing pulping reagentsdescribed above are suitable pulping solvents for many applications, itwill be appreciated that other pulping reagents may be available, or maybe developed, and would be suitable for use in the processes describedherein.

In some embodiments, energy is introduced to the pulped solution duringa desired degree of pulping, following a desired degree of pulping, orboth. When the pulping stage is carried out in a closed reactionchamber, mechanical energy, electrical energy, such as radio frequencyenergy, or both, may be introduced during or following pulping toenhance separation of different components and promote sedimentation ofheavier components. If the cellulose-containing feedstock was notpretreated to remove non-cellulosic components, suitable filtration,screening exclusion treatment, size exclusion treatment, the like, orcombinations or multiples thereof, may be performed, during or followingpulping, to remove non-organic materials (e.g., buttons, fasteners,zippers, etc.), as well as impurities and non-cellulosic materials fromthe fiber pulp solution. Suitable f filtration, screening exclusiontreatment, size exclusion treatment, the like, or combinations ormultiples thereof, will depend on the types and level of contaminantsremaining in the fiber pulp solution. Filtration may involve scrapingthe top of the reaction vessel, the bottom of the reaction vessel, orboth, to remove floating or sinking debris; simple size exclusionfiltration; gravitation separation or centrifugation to separate solidsfrom the dissolved cellulosic materials; the like, or combinations ormultiples thereof. In some embodiments, a cascade of progressivelysmaller pore size filtration stages may follow preliminary separation bygravitation or centrifugation.

Separated by-products may be isolated and purified (if appropriate) forre-sale or distribution to secondary markets.

In some embodiments, the pulping solution may be optionally treated withglycerin or glycerol or another agent to impart softness to the textureof the fiber.

Fiber Extrusion

After pulping, isolated cellulose molecules may be extruded to formregenerated fibers and textile materials. The isolated cellulosemolecules are generally filtered or otherwise separated, and may beacidified and processed in a wet extrusion stage to precipitatecellulose fibers and produce cotton fibers, rayon fibers, or a mixtureof cotton and rayon fibers. Various acids may be used in thisprecipitation stage, such as sulfuric, citric or lactic acids. In oneembodiment, a sulfuric acid bath is used in combination with a wetextrusion process, wherein the viscous cellulose polymer solution ispumped through a spinneret, and the cellulose is precipitated to formfibers as it contacts the acid bath. The extrusion process, system, orboth, may be modified and adjusted to produce fibers having differentlengths, diameters, cross-sectional configurations, durability,softness, moisture wicking properties, and the like. In this process,the newly formed fibers are stretched, blown, or both, to producedesired configurations, washed, dried, and cut to the desired length.

Closed vat, continuous fiber extrusion techniques may be used. Closedvat systems allow recovery, recycling, or both, of any produced gasesand by-products. Using fiber extrusion techniques is highly advantageouswhen applied to the regeneration of cellulosic materials to producecotton fibers, rayon fibers, or both, since it allows a high degree ofcustom design and engineering of cellulosic fibers to achieve targetedcomfort and performance characteristics (e.g., fiber length, diameter,cross-sectional shape, durability, softness, moisture wicking, etc.).Naturally grown fibers cannot be produced in desired or specified fiberlengths, diameters, cross-sectional profiles, or the like and cellulosicfibers regenerated using this process may therefore have different, andsuperior, properties compared to the natural fibers present in theinitial recycled fabric feedstock.

In some embodiments, fiber extrusion may produce fibers having a denierof from about 0.1 to 70 or more denier. In some embodiments, fiberextrusion may involve extruding multifilaments having from about 20 to300 single monofilaments, each having a denier of from about 0.1 toabout 2. Extruding fine denier filaments produces woven fabric thatfeels softer to the touch and is desired in many embodiments. In someembodiments, fiber extrusion may additionally involve adding a falsetwist to the extruded filaments and texturizing them to resemble spunyarn. These treatments may obviate the necessity of using opening andspinning processes to produce yarn from the extruded fibers. Furtherhandling of the fibers may involve cutting the continuous fiber tospecific uniform lengths (stapling), missing, opening, carding, drawing,rowing, spinning, etc.

Following fiber extrusion and spinning to form yarns, fabrics, textilesand the like, waterless dyeing techniques may be used to further reducethe environmental impact of the overall process. Waterless dyeingtechnologies are available and typically use supercritical carbondioxide as a solvent and carrier for dyestuff. In some embodiments,color treatment of regenerated fibers may involve determining theabsorbency of the regenerated fiber and determining the color propertiesof fibers using spectrophotometric techniques. Color signatures and dyeformulations may then be customized according to the specific propertiesof regenerated fibers to eliminate differences in coloration that mayresult from different batch qualities. In some embodiments, regeneratedfibers or yarns may be surface treated (e.g., using a bleachingcomposition) and then dyed or overprinted using, for example, reactive,direct, pigment, sulfur, vat dye types and prints, the like, orcombinations or multiples thereof. In some applications, all fiberregeneration process steps, from garment reclamation to fiber extrusion,may be located at a common geographic site (or at nearby sites). Forsome purposes, it may be desirable to locate different stages of theprocess at different physical locations. It may be desirable, in someapplications, for example, to locate garment reclamation sites inpopulous areas, while locating other processing facilities and, inparticular, the wet extrusion facility, in locations proximate textileprocessing facilities—e.g. near textile mills, garment manufacturingfacilities, the like, or combinations or multiples thereof. In someapplications, garment reclamation and initial processing may take placeat one location and cellulosic pulp may then be shipped or transportedto a different location for wet extrusion and other downstreamprocessing (e.g., dying, garment manufacturing, etc.).

Regenerated cellulosic fibers (e.g., cotton, rayon, or both) produced asdescribed above may be twisted into thread, dyed, bleached, woven intotextiles and, ultimately, cut and sewn into garments.

In another aspect, fiber pulping of low grade cotton fibers, harvestednaturally or produced from a raw material fabric feedstock as describedabove, is provided. In this process, low grade natural cotton fibers(e.g., low staple length cotton fibers) may be pulped as describedherein, and then acidified and subjected to a wet extrusion process toproduce newly formed fibers which may be stretched, blown, or both, to adesired diameter, cross-sectional profile or the like, washed, dried,and cut to a desired length. In this fashion, low grade (natural,recycled, or both) cotton fibers may be regenerated and converted tonewly formed, higher value fibers having more desirable properties thanthose of the original natural cotton fibers, recycled cotton fibers, orboth.

FIG. 8 shows a schematic flow diagram illustrating the processing of ablended textile input according to methods described herein. In thisscenario, blended textile input is separated into cotton-heavy andpolyester-heavy blends during one or more sorting and pretreatmentstep(s). The constituent cotton and polyester polymers in each of theseparated stages are dissolved and isolated to produce “liquefied”cellulose (from the cotton-heavy feedstock) and “liquefied” polyesterfrom the polyester-heavy feedstock. These isolated cellulosic andpolyester materials may be extruded into regenerated fibers, as desired,or used for other downstream applications. The undissolved,non-cellulosic constituents remaining after dissolution of thecotton-heavy blend feedstock may be treated for dissolution of polyesterto produce liquefied polyester. Likewise, the undissolved, non-polyesterconstituents remaining after dissolution of the polyester-heavy blendfeedstock may be treated for dissolution of cellulose to produce aliquefied cellulose. Undissolved components such as other fibers,zippers, buttons, and the like, may be collected and re-used ordiscarded.

Although the process has been described primarily with reference tousing cotton garments and feedstock containing cotton materials, it willbe appreciated that other types of fabrics may be pulped and regeneratedusing the same or similar processes to produce regenerated fibers. Itwill also be appreciated that additional process steps may be employed,as is known in the art, and that equivalent treatment steps may besubstituted for those described above.

Paper and Packaging Material

FIG. 10 shows a schematic flow diagram outlining process steps asdisclosed herein for producing paper or packaging materials from acombination pulp including a textile pulp and a wood pulp. Afterpulping, a textile pulp (i.e., pulp made or derived from textiles, asdiscussed above, which includes cellulosic material and can also includenon-cellulosic material) can be mixed with wood pulp to form acombination pulp used to develop packaging material (e.g., cardboardboxes, corrugated cardboard, cardboard liner, or components of acardboard box), paper products (e.g., toilet paper, paper towels, wetwipes, printer paper, or the like), or the like. Therefore, recycledtextiles can be used to obtain a first pulp which is mixed with a secondpulp derived from a wood pulping process.

Wood pulp includes three components: cellulose, hemicellulose, andlignin. The percentage of the components can be affected by type of wood(e.g., hard vs. soft), climate (e.g., temperate), the like, orcombinations thereof. Cellulose maintains the strength in wood fiberdue, at least in part, to the high degree of polymerization and linearorientation of the cellulose. Hemicellulose acts as the matrix. Ligninacts as the glue, thereby holding the fibers together and the cellulosetogether within the fiber cell wall. The wood can be processed to obtainpulp having a cellulose content based on the subsequent use. Wood pulpcan be formed by any appropriate process or system, including, forexample, mechanically, chemically, thermochemically,chemi-thermochemically, the like, or combinations or multiples thereof.

For example, a first wood pulp having the highest cellulose content(e.g, >90%) can be used to form textile fibers, derivatized celluloses,cellulose ethers, or the like. As another example, a second wood pulphaving an intermediate cellulose content (e.g., 20-45%) can be used toform paper products. As yet another example, a third wood pulp havingthe lowest cellulose content (e.g, <10%) can be used to form cardboard.

Before textile pulping, during textile pulping, or after textilepulping, the textiles can undergo additional processing to change a sizecharacteristic or parameter of a textile fiber or cellulose fiberderived from processing the textile. The textiles, whether as a pulp orotherwise, can be processed with a Tornado pulper, a refiner, a valleybeater, the like, or combinations or multiples thereof. The sizecharacteristic or parameter of the textile fiber or cellulose fiberderived from processing the textile can be the same as or substantiallythe same as (i.e., ±20%) as a size characteristic or parameter of thewood pulp fibers (e.g., average size of textile fiber or cellulose fiberis within a 20% difference of an average size of fibers of the woodpulp). The size characteristic or parameter of the textile fiber orcellulose fiber derived from processing the textile can be reduced toprevent a paper or cardboard production machine from jamming,malfunctioning, or the like due to the excessive size of the textilefiber or cellulose fiber derived from processing. For example, a textilefiber or cellulose fiber derived from processing the textile can have alength of 4-8 millimeters (mm). The length of the textile fiber orcellulose fiber can be reduced to, for example, 0.5 to 4 mm byundergoing the additional processing. As another example, a textilefiber or cellulose fiber derived from processing the textile can have aweight of 2.2-2.5 Deniers per filament (Dpf). The weight of the textilefiber or cellulose fiber can be reduced to, for example, 0.5 to 1 Dpf byundergoing the additional processing.

The textile pulp and the wood pulp can be mixed by any appropriateprocess or system, including, for example, two pipes flowing into asingle pipe, adding the different pulps to a single vessel for blending,the like, or combinations or multiples thereof. Mixing the textile pulpwith the wood pulp can increase yield by combining a lower cellulosecontent pulp (i.e., wood pulp) with a higher cellulose content pulp(i.e., textile pulp). Additionally, typically discarded wood pulpcomponents, such as lignin, can be retained in wood pulp, therebyreducing cost, increasing yield, or the like. For example, during thewood pulping process, lignin can be burned off with the resulting steamused to generate energy. In doing so, the volume of the pulp is reducedand an additional step is required. However, retaining the ligninincreases the mechanical stress (e.g., compression, tension, shear,bending, torsion, fatigue, the like, or combinations of multiplesthereof) capability of the resulting product, whether paper, cardboard,or the like.

Based on the respective cellulose content of the textile pulp and thewood pulp, the amount of textile pulp and the amount of wood pulp can beadjusted to form a combination pulp having the desired cellulosecontent. The ratio, as a percentage, of textile pulp and wood pulp inthe combination pulp can range from 0.1:99.9 up to at least 55:45,including, for example 5:95, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, and thelike. For example, 150 kg of a wood pulp having 4% cellulose can becombined with 8 kg of a textile pulp having 90% cellulose to form acombination pulp having a cellulose content of 8.35%, such as fordeveloping cardboard. As another example, 150 kg of a wood pulp having15% cellulose can be combined with 120 kg of a textile pulp having 75%cellulose to form a combination pulp having a cellulose content of41.67%, such as for forming paper products.

The textile pulp can also include non-cellulose material, such as apolyester, nylon, rayon (or Lyocell), acrylic, the like or combinationsor multiples thereof. The non-cellulose material can increase themechanical stress (e.g., compression, tension, shear, bending, torsion,fatigue, the like, or combinations of multiples thereof) of theresulting product, e.g., paper product or cardboard. Additionally, oralternatively, non-cellulose material can be added to the textile pulp,the wood pulp, the combination pulp, or combinations thereof to increasethe mechanical stress of the resulting product.

The processing steps used to form the textile pulp, the textiles,fibers, or derivatives thereof can be adjusted based on the resultingproduct to be developed. For example, when the textile pulp is used todevelop paper products, a bleaching step (e.g., bleach intensity, numberof bleaching steps or sub-steps, or the like) can adjust the color ofthe fibers. As another example, when the textile pulp is used to developcardboard, a sorting step can be less thorough (e.g., instead ofseparating recycled textiles in bins based on increments of 2-3%cellulose content, the recycled textiles can be separated into binsbased on increments of 10-15% cellulose content).

Though textile pulp is discussed in reference to the combination pulp,the textile pulp can be further processed by one or more dissolvingsteps, as discussed above, before forming the combination pulp, when itis necessary or desirous to do so.

EXAMPLES Example I

A small scale experiment was conducted to establish feasibility ofcellulose pulping and fiber regeneration using shredded cotton garmentmaterial as a feedstock. The shredded feedstock material was treatedwith Schweizer's Reagent to form a dissolved pulping solution, and thepulp solution was acidified by treatment with sulfuric acid. Fibers wereregenerated as a result of the acidification.

Chemical Reactions

2 NaOH(aq)+CuSO₄(aq)→Cu(OH)₂(s)+Na₂SO₄(aq)  1.

Cu(OH)₂(aq)→Cu²(aq)+2OH⁻(aq)  2.

n Cu²⁺(aq)+(cellulose)_(n)+2n OH⁻→(CuC₆H₈O₅)_(n)+2n H2O  3.

-   -   4. Cellulose is actually dissolved in [Cu(NH₃) ₄](0 H)₂ solution        and then regenerated as cotton or rayon when extruded into        sulfuric acid.    -   5. Note: Filtration of Cu(OH)₂ can be a problem; small amounts        of precipitate should be filtered and then combined in one        container.

Process Instructions

-   -   1. Dissolve 25.0 g of CuSO₄.5H₂O in 100 mL distilled water. Heat        the water to accelerate the dissolving process.    -   2. Dissolve 8.0 grams NaOH in 200 mL distilled water.    -   3. Mix the cooled NaOH solution with the copper sulfate        solution. Collect the resultant gelatinous precipitate of        Cu(OH)₂ by filtration. Wash the precipitate with three 10-mL        portions of distilled water. If using 11.0 cm filter paper,        several filtrations will be required because of the large amount        of precipitate produced.    -   4. Measure 70 ml concentrated NH₃(aq) into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer        flask. Shred 10-15 grams cotton garment. Add the Cu(OH)₂        precipitate carefully along with the filter paper to this flask        and stir. This should result in a deep purplish-blue solution of        tetra-aminecopper(II) hydroxide, referred to as Schweizer's        reagent. Stopper the flask and stir periodically for 24 hours or        more. Use a magnetic stirrer, if available. One may dip the        flask in warm water to speed the process.    -   5. Take up the contents of the 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask in 10-mL        increments in a 10-mL or 50-mL syringe. Squeeze out the contents        into a 1000-mL beaker containing 300 mL of 1.6 M sulfuric acid.        Be sure that the tip of the syringe or pipet is under the        surface of the acid. Crude “thread” forms.    -   6. The clumps or threads can be washed free of the solution to        show the blue-cast white color of the regenerated fibers.        Subsequent analysis will demonstrate whether the regenerated        fibers have the structure of cotton or rayon.

In alternative schemes, chemical reaction (1), noted above, may beomitted when using copper hydroxide and ammonia reactants to formSchweitzer's reagent as follows:Cu(OH)₂+4NH₃+2H₂O→[Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺+2OH This alternative chemistry doesnot require filtration (setp 5, above) and produces no by-products thatrequire disposal or removal.

Example II

Analyses were conducted to compare regenerated cellulosic fibers,processed as described herein, with virgin cotton fibers. Regeneratedcellulosic fiber produced as described above was tested using the ASTM D2256-02 test method for tensile properties of yams by single-strandmethod. The regenerated cellulosic fibers exhibited uniform-diameterfiber properties, with the tenacity of cotton and the fineness of silk.Tenacity is a measure of the breaking strength of a fiber divided by thedenier. FIG. 9A shows a magnified image of a regenerated cellulosicfiber produced as described above (on the left, labeled Evmu) and FIG.9B shows a magnified image of a premium long-staple cotton fiber astested in Harzallah, Benzina & Drean, 2009 (right-side image, labelled“cotton,” reproduced without permission from aforementioned paper). Thecomparative fiber properties of the regenerated cellulosic fiberproduced as described above and the premium long-staple cotton fiber, asreported in the above-mentioned literature reference, are outlinedbelow.

Fiber properties EVRNU Comparison Cotton Fiber diameter in micrometers20 to 100 226.2/80.3 (mean/standard deviation) (can be customized)Tenacity (gf/tex)-mean 21.96 21.01 Tenacity (gf/tex)-standard 0.64 0.61deviation Elongation %--mean 2 to 4% 8.4% (depends on crystallinity)Sample Size & Comments Sample size Cotton #1 sample, of 3 fibers testedvia the MVI method, is selected from Harzallah, Benzina & Dean 2009.Sample size of 25 fibers.The tenacity tests indicate that regenerated cellulosic fiber producedas described above has similar strength to the tested cotton, for itsdiameter. Extrusion allows the diameter (and hence absolute strength ofindividual fibers) to be tightly controlled.

FIG. 9C shows a magnified cross-sectional image of a regeneratedcellulosic fiber produced as described above. Extrusion allows forprecision control and consistency in fiber cross-section and length.Regenerated cellulosic fibers produced as described herein may beextruded under various conditions and to produce different fibercross-sectional profiles and lengths. In general, regenerated cellulosicfibers produced herein may be extruded just as other manmade fibers andcan be prepared as mono, multifilament or stapled in desired length forring/OE spinning.

Though certain elements, aspects, components or the like are describedin relation to one embodiment or example of a system or method forproducing a paper or packaging material, those elements, aspects,components or the like can be including with any system or method forproducing a paper or packaging material, such as when it desirous oradvantageous to do so.

The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specificnomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosure.However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specificdetails are not required in order to practice the systems and methodsdescribed herein. The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments orexamples are presented by way of examples for purposes of illustrationand description. They are not intended to be exhaustive of or to limitthis disclosure to the precise forms described. Many modifications andvariations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodimentsor examples are shown and described in order to best explain theprinciples of this disclosure and practical applications, to therebyenable others skilled in the art to best utilize this disclosure andvarious embodiments or examples with various modifications as are suitedto the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope ofthis disclosure be defined by the following claims and theirequivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of making a paper or packaging product,comprising: forming a combination pulp by combining a textile pulp and awood pulp; and processing the combination pulp to generate the paper orpackaging product.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprisinggenerating wood pulp by processing a type of wood.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the processing of the type of wood is mechanical,chemical, thermochemical, chemi-thermochemically, or combinations ormultiples thereof.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the type of wood isselected based on an amount of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. 5.The method of claim 2, wherein the type of wood is selected based on thepaper or packaging product to be produced.
 6. The method of claim 5,wherein a first type of wood used has a cellulose content greater than90%, the first type of wood being used to form textile fibers,derivatized celluloses, or cellulose ethers.
 7. The method of claim 5,wherein a second type of wood used has a cellulose content of 20-45%,the second type of wood being used to form paper products.
 8. The methodof claim 5, wherein a third type of wood has a cellulose content lessthan or equal to 10%, the third type of wood being used to formcardboard.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the textile pulp or atextile feedstock used to form the textile pulp undergoes processing tochange a primary size characteristic or parameter of a textile fiber orcellulose fiber of the textile pulp or the textile feedstock to asecondary size characteristic or parameter.
 10. The method of claim 9,wherein the secondary size characteristic or parameter of the textilefiber or cellulose fiber is the same as a size characteristic orparameter of a fiber of the wood pulp.
 11. The method of claim 9,wherein an average of the secondary size characteristic or parameter ofthe textile fiber or cellulose fiber is within a 20% difference of anaverage size of fibers of the wood pulp.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein a ratio of the textile pulp to the wood pulp in the combinationpulp can range from 0.1:99.9 to 55:45.
 13. The method of claim 1,wherein the textile pulp includes non-cellulose material.
 14. The methodof claim 1, further comprising bleaching the textile pulp or a feedstockused to form the textile pulp.
 15. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising sorting a feedstock used to form the textile pulp based oncellulose content.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the paper orpackaging product is a cardboard box, corrugated cardboard, cardboardliner, a components of a cardboard box, toilet paper, a paper towel, awet wipe, or printer paper.
 17. A method of making a paper or packagingproduct, comprising: forming a combination pulp by combining a firsttype of pulp and a second type pulp, the first and second types of pulpbeing formed from different types of feedstock or source materials; andprocessing the combination pulp to generate the paper or packagingproduct.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first type of pulp isderived from textile feedstock.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein thesecond type of pulp is derived from wood.